William Shakespeare
Život [upraviť]
William Shakespeare sa narodil ako tretí z ôsmich detí. Jeho otec bol v Stratforde považovaný za významného muža. Shakespeare pravdepodobne navštevoval Gymnázium Eduarda VI. v Stratforde. Ako osemnásťročný sa oženil s Anne Hathwayovou. Anne bola dcérou farmára zo Shothery a svadba sa konala neobvykle rýchlo. Dôvodom bolo zrejme Annine tehotenstvo. V roku 1583 sa im totiž narodila dcéra Susanna (pokrstená 27. mája) a v roku 1585 prišli na svet dvojčatá Hamnet a Judith. Shakespearov jediný syn, ktorého meno pripomína aj jedna z jeho najslávnejších hier, Hamlet, však zomrel v mladom veku.
Nie je známe, kedy a prečo sa Shakespeare rozhodol odísť zo Stratfordu do Londýna, ani čo bolo impulzom k jeho londýnskej kariére herca a dramatika. Shakespeare sa stal členom jednej z dvoch najznámejších divadelných skupín v Londýne, a po menej úspešnej kariére herca sa stal populárnym autorom dramatických textov. Zachovalo sa 18 divadelných hier, no Shakespeare ani jednu z nich neautorizoval. Dnešné súborné vydania jeho hier obsahujú 37 až 39 dramatických textov. Okrem toho sa venoval písaniu poém a sonetov. Sonety sú čiastočne adresované tajomnej žene, tzv. čiernej dáme, a čiastočne neznámemu mužovi.
Posledné roky svojho života Shakespeare strávil v rodnom Stratforde. Zomrel vo veku 52 rokov, 23. apríla (v predpokladaný deň jeho narodenia) v roku 1616. Jeho kolegovia herci a dramatici z Londýna sedem rokov po jeho smrti (1623) publikovali vyše 900-stranové súborné vydanie jeho hier (36 hier) a neskorší vydavatelia do tzv. shakespearovského kánonu pridali ešte jednu, resp. tri ďalšie hry. Vďaka súbornému vydaniu z roku 1623 sa jeho dielo zachovalo do dnešných čias. Shakespeare je pochovaný v oltárišti kostola Holy Trinity Church v mestečku Stratford-upon-Avon. Na stene neďaleko Shakespearovho hrobu je umiestnená jeho busta.
Vraví sa, že Shakespeare si sám napísal i epitaf na svoj pomník:
- "Drahý priateľu, pre Kristove rany, nevykop
- nikdy piesok, ktorý skrýva tento hrob.
- Kto tento hrob zachová, nech Boh ho omilostí,
- a nech je preklínaný, kto pohne mojou kostrou."
Tvorba
Množstvo Shakespearových hier sa všeobecne považuje za jedny z najlepších hier v anglickom jazyku a západnej literatúry. Písal najmä tragédie, historické hry, komédie a romance, ktoré boli preložené do takmer všetkých svetových jazykov.
Shakespearove hry sa zvyčajne rozdeľujú do troch hlavných období:
- rané obdobie - rané komédie a historické hry (napr. "Sen noci svätojánskej" a "Henry IV", časť 1)
- stredné obdobie - zahŕňa jeho najznámejšie tragédie Othello, "Rómeo a Júlia", "Macbeth", "Hamlet" a "Kráľ Lear"
- neskoré obdobie - napr. "Zimná rozprávka" a "Búrka".
Bibliografia
Komédie
- Dvaja šlachtici z Verony (The Two Gentlemen of Verona)
- Veselé panie windsorské (The Merry Wives of Windsor)
- Oko za oko (Measure for Measure)
- Komédia omylov (The Comedy of Errors)
- Mnoho kriku pre nič (Much Ado About Nothing)
- Márna lásky snaha (Love's Labour's Lost)
- Sen noci svätojánskej (A Midsummer Night's Dream)
- Kupec benátsky (The Merchant of Venice)
- Ako sa vám páči (As You Like It)
- Skrotenie zlej ženy (Taming of the Shrew) (v novších prekladoch Skrotenie čertice)
- Koniec všetko napraví (All's Well That Ends Well)
- Večer trojkráľový alebo Čo len chcete (Twelfth Night or What You Will)
Hry historické
- Kráľ Ján (King John)
- Richard II. (Richard II)
- Henrich IV., prvý diel (Henry IV, part 1)
- Henrich IV., druhý diel (Henry IV, part 2)
- Henrich V. (Henry V)
- Henrich VI., prvý diel (Henry IV, part 1)
- Henrich VI., druhý diel (Henry IV, part 2)
- Henrich VI., tretí diel (Henry IV, part 3)
- Richard III. (Richard III)
- Henrich VIII. (Henry VIII)
Tragédie
- Troilos a Cressida (Troilus and Cressida)
- Coriolanus (Coriolanus)
- Titus Andronicus (Titus Andronicus)
- Rómeo a Júlia (Romeo and Juliet)
- Timon Aténsky (Timon of Athens)
- Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar)
- Macbeth (Macbeth)
- Hamlet (Hamlet)
- Kráľ Lear (King Lear)
- Othello (Othello)
- Antonius a Kleopatra (Antony and Cleopatra)
Hry
- Búrka (Shakespeare) (The Tempest)
- Cymbelin (Cymbeline)
- Zimná rozprávka (The Winter's Tale)
- Perikles, kráľ tyrský (Pericles, King of Tyre)
- Dvaja vznešení príbuzní (Two Noble Kinsmen)
Literatúra
- Muž ktorý sa volal Shakespeare, Konrad Haemmerling, Slovenský spisovateľ, Bratislava, 1961
- Bžochová-Wild, Jana : "Hamlet: dobrodružstvo textu". ISBN 80-88897-06-8 LCA Levice 1998.
- Bžochová-Wild, Jana: "Úvod do shakespearovského divadla." ISBN 80-88987-11-3 Divadelný ústav a Kalligram Bratislava, 1999.
- Bžochová-Wild, Jana: "Začarovaný ostrov? Shakespearova Búrka inak." ISBN 80-7185-669-X Divadelný ústav Bratislava, 2003.
- Dunton-Downerová, L. a Riding, A.: "Shakespeare. Základná príručka." ISBN 80-551-1291-6 Preložila Jana Bžochová-Wild. Ikar Bratislava, 2006.
| William Shakespeare | |
|---|---|
 anglický spisovateľ a dramatik |
|
| Narodenie | apríl 1564 Stratford-upon-Avon, Anglicko |
| Úmrtie | 23. apríl 1616 Stratford-upon-Avon, Anglicko |
| Podpis |  |
|
|
|
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