William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare sa narodil ako tretí z ôsmich detí. Jeho otec bol v Stratforde považovaný za významného muža. Shakespeare pravdepodobne navštevoval Gymnázium Eduarda VI. v Stratforde. Ako osemnásťročný sa oženil s Anne Hathwayovou. Anne bola dcérou farmára zo Shothery a svadba sa konala neobvykle rýchlo. Dôvodom bolo zrejme Annine tehotenstvo. V roku 1583 sa im totiž narodila dcéra Susanna (pokrstená 27. mája) a v roku 1585 prišli na svet dvojčatá Hamnet a Judith. Shakespearov jediný syn, ktorého meno pripomína aj jedna z jeho najslávnejších hier, Hamlet, však zomrel v mladom veku.
Nie je známe, kedy a prečo sa Shakespeare rozhodol odísť zo Stratfordu do Londýna, ani čo bolo impulzom k jeho londýnskej kariére herca a dramatika. Shakespeare sa stal členom jednej z dvoch najznámejších divadelných skupín v Londýne, a po menej úspešnej kariére herca sa stal populárnym autorom dramatických textov. Zachovalo sa 18 divadelných hier, no Shakespeare ani jednu z nich neautorizoval. Dnešné súborné vydania jeho hier obsahujú 37 až 39 dramatických textov. Okrem toho sa venoval písaniu poém a sonetov. Sonety sú čiastočne adresované tajomnej žene, tzv. čiernej dáme, a čiastočne neznámemu mužovi.
Posledné roky svojho života Shakespeare strávil v rodnom Stratforde. Zomrel vo veku 52 rokov, 23. apríla (v predpokladaný deň jeho narodenia) v roku 1616. Jeho kolegovia herci a dramatici z Londýna sedem rokov po jeho smrti (1623) publikovali vyše 900-stranové súborné vydanie jeho hier (36 hier) a neskorší vydavatelia do tzv. shakespearovského kánonu pridali ešte jednu, resp. tri ďalšie hry. Vďaka súbornému vydaniu z roku 1623 sa jeho dielo zachovalo do dnešných čias. Shakespeare je pochovaný v oltárišti kostola Holy Trinity Church v mestečku Stratford-upon-Avon. Na stene neďaleko Shakespearovho hrobu je umiestnená jeho busta.
Vraví sa, že Shakespeare si sám napísal i epitaf na svoj pomník:
- "Drahý priateľu, pre Kristove rany, nevykop
- nikdy piesok, ktorý skrýva tento hrob.
- Kto tento hrob zachová, nech Boh ho omilostí,
- a nech je preklínaný, kto pohne mojou kostrou."
Tvorba
Množstvo Shakespearových hier sa všeobecne považuje za jedny z najlepších hier v anglickom jazyku a západnej literatúry. Písal najmä tragédie, historické hry, komédie a romance, ktoré boli preložené do takmer všetkých svetových jazykov.
Shakespearove hry sa zvyčajne rozdeľujú do troch hlavných období:
- rané obdobie - rané komédie a historické hry (napr. "Sen noci svätojánskej" a "Henry IV", časť 1)
- stredné obdobie - zahŕňa jeho najznámejšie tragédie Othello, "Rómeo a Júlia", "Macbeth", "Hamlet" a "Kráľ Lear"
- neskoré obdobie - napr. "Zimná rozprávka" a "Búrka".
Bibliografia
Komédie
- Dvaja šlachtici z Verony (The Two Gentlemen of Verona)
- Veselé panie windsorské (The Merry Wives of Windsor)
- Oko za oko (Measure for Measure)
- Komédia omylov (The Comedy of Errors)
- Mnoho kriku pre nič (Much Ado About Nothing)
- Márna lásky snaha (Love's Labour's Lost)
- Sen noci svätojánskej (A Midsummer Night's Dream)
- Kupec benátsky (The Merchant of Venice)
- Ako sa vám páči (As You Like It)
- Skrotenie zlej ženy (Taming of the Shrew) (v novších prekladoch Skrotenie čertice)
- Koniec všetko napraví (All's Well That Ends Well)
- Večer trojkráľový alebo Čo len chcete (Twelfth Night or What You Will)
Hry historické
- Kráľ Ján (King John)
- Richard II. (Richard II)
- Henrich IV., prvý diel (Henry IV, part 1)
- Henrich IV., druhý diel (Henry IV, part 2)
- Henrich V. (Henry V)
- Henrich VI., prvý diel (Henry IV, part 1)
- Henrich VI., druhý diel (Henry IV, part 2)
- Henrich VI., tretí diel (Henry IV, part 3)
- Richard III. (Richard III)
- Henrich VIII. (Henry VIII)
Tragédie
- Troilos a Cressida (Troilus and Cressida)
- Coriolanus (Coriolanus)
- Titus Andronicus (Titus Andronicus)
- Rómeo a Júlia (Romeo and Juliet)
- Timon Aténsky (Timon of Athens)
- Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar)
- Macbeth (Macbeth)
- Hamlet (Hamlet)
- Kráľ Lear (King Lear)
- Othello (Othello)
- Antonius a Kleopatra (Antony and Cleopatra)
Hry
- Búrka (Shakespeare) (The Tempest)
- Cymbelin (Cymbeline)
- Zimná rozprávka (The Winter's Tale)
- Perikles, kráľ tyrský (Pericles, King of Tyre)
- Dvaja vznešení príbuzní (Two Noble Kinsmen)
Literatúra
- Muž ktorý sa volal Shakespeare, Konrad Haemmerling, Slovenský spisovateľ, Bratislava, 1961
- Bžochová-Wild, Jana : "Hamlet: dobrodružstvo textu". ISBN 80-88897-06-8 LCA Levice 1998.
- Bžochová-Wild, Jana: "Úvod do shakespearovského divadla." ISBN 80-88987-11-3 Divadelný ústav a Kalligram Bratislava, 1999.
- Bžochová-Wild, Jana: "Začarovaný ostrov? Shakespearova Búrka inak." ISBN 80-7185-669-X Divadelný ústav Bratislava, 2003.
- Dunton-Downerová, L. a Riding, A.: "Shakespeare. Základná príručka." ISBN 80-551-1291-6 Preložila Jana Bžochová-Wild. Ikar Bratislava, 2006.
William Shakespeare | |
---|---|
![]() anglický spisovateľ a dramatik |
|
Narodenie | apríl 1564 Stratford-upon-Avon, Anglicko |
Úmrtie | 23. apríl 1616 Stratford-upon-Avon, Anglicko |
Podpis | ![]() |
|
Komentáře
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Fabricating their clothes while at the same time smuggling tons of coke, AJ Pratt buddied up to everyone from Elvis Presley to Colombian drug kingpin Pablo Escobar to Infamous Gangsters like Lefty Rosenthal to Barry Seal.
Yet, he never spent a day in prison.
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Discover the twists and turns of the incredible life of a man of fashion who found himself at the apex of the drug culture of the ‘70s.
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He was a hip fashionista--a tailor to the stars and to the Mob.
Fabricating their clothes while at the same time smuggling tons of coke, AJ Pratt buddied up to everyone from Elvis Presley to Colombian drug kingpin Pablo Escobar to Infamous Gangsters like Lefty Rosenthal to Barry Seal.
Yet, he never spent a day in prison.
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It’s said clothes make the man; but making clothes made AJ Pratt.
Discover the twists and turns of the incredible life of a man of fashion who found himself at the apex of the drug culture of the ‘70s.
“The Tailor" Available August 18th on Amazon kindle
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Almost all goods from China are of poor quality: truth or fiction?
(Kantsmade, 5. 8. 2021 4:37)
Many people have a stereotype in their heads about the low quality of Chinese goods and their short service life. But despite this, all the store shelves are filled with goods from this country, whether it is clothing, appliances or even cars. Let's see what category of quality Chinese goods actually belong to.
Is it true that China produces everything?
According to statistics, every item number five is produced in the "Middle Kingdom". It is not surprising, because there are many factories and industries in the country. The question is, what is China not yet engaged in the production of?
Production of goods in China
Now even operating systems and nuclear reactors, Beijing has put on production. Of course, something is still being purchased from other countries, but the active growth in production is visible to the naked eye.
What has China succeeded most in?
It is obvious that in clothing, shoes and other consumer goods.
Automated shoe sewing lines
Further, the figures are really striking in their scale - 70% of smartphones, 60% of construction materials, 90% of computers and components, and so on, are produced in China. The following areas are also developing - metallurgy, mechanical engineering and shipbuilding, well, it has been known for a long time about Beijing's actively developing program for space exploration. Even the robots beloved by Japan and Korea, China has recently been doing more.
Which companies from the West produce their goods in China?
It is easier to list those who do not produce their goods in this country, because companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Sony, Adidas, Nike, Gucci, Colgate, Nivea and many others have long found in China the main manufacturer of their goods.
Assembly conveyor line at a Chinese factory
There are explanations for this, one of them is the opportunity to open and launch your production according to a ready-made scheme in a very short time and with low costs.
What about cars?
The time when cars from China were like test cars has passed. Now this industry is growing very rapidly, and with it the quality of cars. Now the Chinese car industry is in no way inferior to other manufacturers in comparable classes.
Chinese cars HAVAL
On the roads of any Russian city, you can find a lot of Chinese-made cars, and such popularity indicates the availability and reliability of these cars.
To sum up: is China about quality or not?
Of course, it is impossible to say unequivocally what the quality of the purchased thing will be, because China produces almost all types of goods and does it in huge volumes, but who and under what conditions produces this or that product is another question.
Tag on clothing made in China
A popular myth in our country about low-quality goods with the inscription "Made in China" appeared in the 1990s, it was then that cheap Chinese consumer goods began to appear on the markets of Russia and Europe. Now, serious and high quality control has been established at the factories of China. Any doubts of the quality control department about the product, send the products for reworking. And the success of Chinese companies in the field of mobile development suggests that a lot of attention is paid to the quality of products.
On the website https://china-bazar.com you can order any product from China at an affordable price.
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